Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
Volume 41, Issue 3 , Pages 319-334 , December 2011

New Concepts in Pain Research and Pain Management of the Rheumatic Diseases

  • Don L. Goldenberg, MD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Chief of Rheumatology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint request to Don L. Goldenberg, MD, Chief of Rheumatology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, 2000 Washington St., Newton, MA 02462
  • ,
  • Daniel J. Clauw, MD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Anesthesiology and Medicine (Rheumatology), University of Michigan Medical School
  • ,
  • Mary-Ann Fitzcharles, MD

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Medicine, McGill University

References 

  1. Borenstein D, Altman R, Bello A, Chatham W, Clauw D, Crofford L, et al. Report of the American College of Rheumatology Pain Management Task Force. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:590–599
  2. Fitzcharles MA, Almahrezi A, Shir Y. Pain, understanding and challenges for the rheumatologist. Arthitis Rheum. 2005;52:3685–3692
  3. Clauw DJ, Witter J. Pain and rheumatology: Thinking outside the joint. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:321–324
  4. Kroenke K, Mangelsdorff D. Common symptoms in ambulatory care: incidence, evaluation, therapy, and outcome. Am J Med. 1989;86:262–266
  5. Bair MJ, Wu J, Damush TM, Sutherland JM, Kroenke K. Association of depression and anxiety alone and in combination with chronic musculoskeletal pain in primary care patients. Psychosom Med. 2008;70:890–897
  6. Gupta A, McBeth J, Macfarlane GJ, Morriss R, Dickens C, Ray D, et al. Pressure pain thresholds and tender point counts as predictors of new chronic widespread pain in somatising subjects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:517–521
  7. McBeth J, Jones K. Epidemiology of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21:403–425
  8. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia: Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:160–172
  9. Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:19–28
  10. Andersson HI, Ejlertsson G, Leden I, Rosenberg C. Characteristics of subjects with chronic pain, in relation to local and widespread pain report (a prospective study of symptoms clinical findings and blood tests in subgroups of a geographical defined population). Scand J Rheumatol. 1996;25:146–154
  11. Croft P, Rigby AS, Boswell R, Schollum J, Silman A. The prevalence of chronic widespread pain in the general population. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:710–713
  12. Branco JC, Bannwarth B, Falide I, Carbonelol JA, Blotman F, Spaeth M, et al. Prevalence of fibromyalgia: A survey in five European countries. Sem Arthritis Rheum. 2010;39:448–453
  13. Carmona L, Ballina J, Gabriel R, Laffon A. The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the general population of Spain: results from a national survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60:1040–1045
  14. White KP, Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. The London fibromyalgia epidemiology study: the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in London, Ontario. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1570–1576
  15. Makela M, Heliovarra M. Prevalence of primary fibromyalgia in the Finnish population. BMJ. 1991;303:216–219
  16. Prescott E, Kjqller M, Jacobsen S, Bülow PM, Kamper-Jqrgensen F. Fibromyalgia in the adult Danish population: I (A prevalence study). Scand J Rheumatol. 1993;22:233–237
  17. Bannwarth B, Blotman F, Roue-Le Lay K, Caubere J-P, Andre E, Taieb C. Fibromyalgia syndrome in the general population of France: A prevalence study. Joint Bone Spine. 2009;76:184–187
  18. Lindell L, Bergman S, Petersson IF, Jacobsson LT, Herrstrom P. Prevalence of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2000;18:149–153
  19. Hauser W, Schmutzer G, Glaesmer H, Brahler E. Prevalence and predictors of pain in several body regions (Results of a representative German population survey). Schmerz. 2009;23:461–470
  20. Staud R. Chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: two sides of the same coin?. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2009;11:433–436
  21. Coster L, Kendall S, Gerdle B, Henriksson C, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson A. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain—a comparison of those who meet criteria for fibromyalgia and those who do not. Eur J Pain. 2008;12:600–610
  22. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Katz RS, Mease P, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:600–610
  23. Ranzolin A, Brenol JC, Bredemeier M, Guarienti J, Rizzatti M, Feldman D, et al. Association of concomitant fibromyalgia with worse disease activity score in 28 joints, health assessment questionnaire, and short form 36 scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:794–800
  24. Wolfe F, Hauser W, Hassett AL, Katz RS, Walitt BT. The development of fibromyalgia—I: examination of rates and predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Pain. 2011;152:249–250
  25. Dhir V, Lawrence AG, Aggarwal P, Misra R. Fibromyalgia is common and adversely affects pain and fatigue perception in North Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:2443–2448
  26. Coury F, Rossat A, Tebib A, Letroublon M-C, Gagnard A, Fantino B, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia: a frequent unrelated association complicating disease management. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:58–62
  27. MacFarlane GJ, Morris S, Hunt IM, Benjamin S, McBeth J, Papageorgiou AC, et al. Chronic widespread pain in the community: The influence of psychological symptoms and mental disorder on healthcare seeking behavior. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:413–419
  28. Macfarlane GJ. Generalized pain, fibromyalgia and regional pain: an epidemiological view. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clinical Rheum. 1999;13:403–414
  29. Mallen CD, Peat G, Thomas E, Dunn KM, Croft PR. Prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain in primary care: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57:655–661
  30. Nicholl BI, Macfarlane GJ, Davies KA, Morriss R, Dickens C, McBeth J. Premorbid psychosocial factors are associated with poor health-related quality of life in subjects with new onset of chronic widespread pain-Results from the EPIFUND study. Pain. 2009;141:119–126
  31. Macfarlane GJ, Pye SR, Finn JD, Wu FC, Silman AJ, Bartfai G, et al. Investigating the determinants of international differences in the prevalence of chronic widespread pain: evidence from the European Male Ageing Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:690–695
  32. Goldenberg DL. Pain/depression dyad: A key to a better understanding and treatment of functional somatic syndromes. Am J Med. 2010;123:675–682
  33. Benjamin S, Morris S, McBeth J, Macfarlane GJ, Silman AJ. The association between chronic widespread pain and mental disorder: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:561–567
  34. Arnold LM, Hudson JI, Keck PE, Auchenbach MB, Javaras KN, Hess EV. Comorbidity of fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1219–1225
  35. Davies KA, Silman AJ, Macfarlane GJ, Nicholl BI, Dickens C, Moriss R, et al. The association between neighbourhood socio-economic status and the onset of chronic widespread pain: results from the EPIFUND study. Eur J Pain. 2010;13:635–640
  36. Davies KA, Macfarlane GJ, Nicholl BI, Dickens C, Morriss R, Ray D, et al. Restorative sleep predicts the resolution of chronic widespread pain: results from the EPIFUND study. Rheumatology. 2008;47:1809–1813
  37. Arvidsson S, Arvidsson B, Fridlund B, Bergman S. Health predicting factors in a general population over an eight-year period in subjects with and without musculoskeletal pain. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2008;6:98–102
  38. Jump RL, Fifield J, Tennen H, Reisine S, Giuliano AJ. History of affective disorder and the experience of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:239–245
  39. Conner TS, Tennen H, Zautra AJ, Affleck G, Armeli S, Fifield J. Coping with rheumatoid arthritis pain in daily life: within-person analyses reveal hidden vulnerability for the formerly depressed. Pain. 2006;126:198–209
  40. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Predicting depression in rheumatoid arthritis: the signal importance of pain extent and fatigue, and comorbidity. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:667–673
  41. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), worse outcomes, comorbid illness, and sociodemographic disadvantage characterize RA patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:695–700
  42. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Li T, Katz RS. Chronic conditions and health problems in rheumatic diseases: comparisons with rheumatoid arthritis, noninflammatory rheumatic disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, and fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2010;37:305–315
  43. Schieir O, Thombs BD, Hudson M, Taillefer S, Steele R, Berkson L, et al. Symptoms of depression predict the trajectory of pain among patients with early inflammatory arthritis: A pain analysis approach to assessing change. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:231–239
  44. Rosemann T, Backenstrass M, Joest K, Rosemann A, Szecsenyi J, Laux G. Predictors of depression in a sample of 1,021 primary care patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:415–422
  45. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Li T. Sleep disturbance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation by medical outcomes study and visual analog sleep scales. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:1942–1951
  46. Bergman MJ, Shahouri SS, Shaver TS, Anderson JD, Weidensaul DN, Busch RE, et al. Is fatigue an inflammatory variable in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? (Analyses of fatigue in RA, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia). J Rheumatol. 2009;36:2788–2794
  47. Hawker GA, French MR, Waugh EJ, Gignac MA, Cheung C, Murray BJ. The multidimensionality of sleep quality and its relationship to fatigue in older adults with painful osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18:1365–1371
  48. Morris A, Yelin EH, Wong B, Katz PP. Patterns of psychosocial risk and long-term outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Psychol Health Med. 2008;13:529–544
  49. Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: uncovering the relation between pain and plasticity. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:864–867
  50. Woolf CJ. Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:441–451
  51. Williams DA, Clauw DJ. Understanding fibromyalgia: lessons from the broader pain research community. J Pain. 2009;10:777–791
  52. Clauw DJ, Chrousos GP. Chronic pain and fatigue syndromes: overlapping clinical and neuroendocrine features and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1997;4:134–153
  53. Goldenberg DL. The interface of pain and mood disturbances in the rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010;40:15–31
  54. Yunus MB. Fibromyalgia and overlapping disorders: the unifying concept of central sensitivity syndromes. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;36:339–356
  55. Rodriquez MA, Afari N, Buchwald DS. Evidence for overlap between urological and nonurological unexplained clinical conditions. J Urol. 2009;182:2123–2131
  56. Kato K, Sullivan PF, Evengard B, Pedersen NL. Importance of genetic influences on chronic widespread pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1682–1686
  57. Kato K, Sullivan PF, Evengard B, Pedersen NL. A population-based twin study of functional somatic syndromes. Psychol Med. 2008;26:1–9
  58. Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Williams DA, Geisser ME, Petzke FW, Clauw DJ. The relationship between depression, clinical pain, and experimental pain in a chronic pain cohort. Arthrits Rheum. 2005;52:1577–1584
  59. Diatchenko L, Nackley AG, Slade GD, Fillingim RB, Maixner W. Idiopathic pain disorders–pathways of vulnerability. Pain. 2006;123:226–230
  60. Smith WR, Strachan D, Buchwald D. Coping, self-efficacy and psychiatric history in patients with both chronic widespread pain and chronic fatigue. Gen Hosp Psychiat. 2009;31:347–352
  61. Armitage R, Landis C, Hoffmann R, Lentz M, Watson N, Goldberg J, et al. Power spectral analysis of sleep EEG in twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009;66:51–57
  62. van Meurs JBJ, Uitterlinden AG, Stolk L, Kerkhof HJM, Hofman A, Pols HAP, et al. A functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene is associated with osteoarthritis-related pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:628–629
  63. Diatchenko L, Anderson AD, Slade GD, Fillingim RB, Shabalina SA, Higgins TJ, et al. Three major haplotypes of the beta2 adrenergic receptor define psychological profile, blood pressure, and the risk for development of a common musculoskeletal pain disorder. Am J Med Genetics. 2006;141:449–462
  64. Jensen KB, Lonsdorf TB, Schalling M, Kosek E, Ingvar M. Increased sensitivity to thermal pain following a single opiate dose is influenced by the COMT val(158)met polymorphism. PLos One. 2009;23:e6016
  65. Potvin S, Larouche A, Normand E, De Souza JB, Gaumond I, Grignon S, et al. DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism Is related to thermal pain perception and modulation in chronic widespread pain patients and healthy controls. J Pain. 2009;10:969–975
  66. McLean SA, Clauw DJ, Abelson JL, Liberzon I. The development of persistent pain and psychological morbidity after motor vehicle collision: integrating the potential role of stress response systems into a biopsychosocial model. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:783–790
  67. Schweinhardt P, Bushnell MC. Pain imaging in health and disease—how far have we come. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:3788–3797
  68. Giesecke T, Williams DA, Harris RE, Cupps TR, Tian X, Tian TX, et al. Subgrouping of fibromyalgia patients on the basis of pressure-pain thresholds and psychological factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:2916–2922
  69. Harris RE, Gracely RH, McLean SA, Williams DA, Giesecke T, Petzke F, et al. Comparison of clinical and evoked pain measures in fibromyalgia. J Pain. 2006;7:521–527
  70. Gracely RH, Petzke F, Wolf JM, Clauw DJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1333–1343
  71. Pukall CF, Strigo IA, Binik YM, Amsel R, Khalife S, Bushnell MC. Neural correlates of painful genital touch in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. Pain. 2005;115:118–127
  72. Schweinhardt P, Sauro KM, Bushnell MC. Fibromyalgia: a disorder of the brain?. Neuroscientist. 2008;14:415–421
  73. Baliki MN, Geha PY, Apkarian AV, Chialvo DR. Beyond feeling: chronic pain hurts the brain, disrupting the default-mode network dynamics. J Neurosci. 2008;28:1398–1403
  74. Geha PY, Baliki MN, Harden RN, Bauer WR, Parrish TB, Apkarian AV. The brain in chronic CRPS pain: abnormal gray-white matter interactions in emotional and autonomic regions. Neuron. 2008;60:570–581
  75. May A. Neuroimaging: visualising the brain in pain. Neurol Sci. 2011;28:S101–S107
  76. Wilder-Smith CH, Robert-Yap J. Abnormal endogenous pain modulation and somatic and visceral hypersensitivity in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:3699–3704
  77. Song GH, Venkatraman V, Ho KY, Chee MW, Yeoh KG, Wilder-Smith CH. Cortical effects of anticipation and endogenous modulation of visceral pain assessed by functional brain MRI in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls. Pain. 2006;126:79–90
  78. Normand E, Potvin S, Gaumond I, Cloutier G, Corbin JF, Marchand S. Pain inhibition is deficient in chronic widespread pain but normal in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psych. 2011;72:219–224
  79. De Souza JB, Potvin S, Goffaux P, Charest J, Marchand S. The deficit of pain inhibition in fibromyalgia is more pronounced in patients with comorbid depressive symptoms. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:123–127
  80. Arendt-Nielsen L, Sluka KA, Nie HL. Experimental muscle pain impairs descending inhibition. Pain. 2008;140:465–471
  81. Diatchenko L, Slade GD, Nackley AG, Bhalang K, Sigurdsson A, Belfer I, et al. Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14:135–143
  82. Harris RE, Sundgren PC, Craig AD, Kirshenbaum E, Sen A, Napadow V, et al. Elevated insular glutamate in fibromyalgia is associated with experimental pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:3146–3152
  83. Harris RE, Clauw DJ, Scott DJ, McLean SA, Gracely RH, Zubieta JK. Decreased central mu-opiod receptor availability in fibromyalgia. J Neurosci. 2007;27:1000–1006
  84. Verne GN, Himes NC, Robinson ME, Gopinath ME, Kaundinya SB, Crosson RW, et al. Central representation of visceral and cutaneous hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome. Pain. 2003;103:99–110
  85. Staud R, Nagel S, Robinson ME, Price DD. Enhanced central pain processing of fibromyalgia patients is maintained by muscle afferent input: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2009;145:96–104
  86. Affaitadi G, Costantini R, Fabrizio A, Lapenna D, Tafuri E, Giamberardino MA. Effects of treatment of peripheral pain generators in fibromyalgia patients. Eur J Pain. 2010;15:61–69
  87. Duncan R, Peat G, Thomas E, Hay E, McCall I, Croft P. Symptoms and radiographic osteoarthritis: not as discordant as they are made out to be?. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:86–91
  88. Lee YC, Lu B, Bathon JM, Haythornthwaite JA, Smith MT, Page GG, et al. Pain sensitivity and pain reactivity in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;[Epub ahead of print]
  89. Somers TJ, Keefe FJ, Godiwala N, Hoyler GH. Psychosocial factors and the pain experience of osteoarthritis patients: new findings and new directions. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21:501–506
  90. Hochman JR, French MR, Bermingham SL, Hawker GA. The nerve of osteoathritis pain. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:1019–1023
  91. Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Assessment of mechanisms in localized and widespread musculoskeletal pain. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6:599–606
  92. Kosek E, Ordeberg G. Abnormalities of somatosensory perception in patients with painful osteoarthritis normalize following successful treatment. Eur J Pain. 2000;4:229–238
  93. Gwilym SE, Fillippni N, Douaud G, Carr AJ, Tracey I. Thalamic atrophy associated with painful osteoarthritis of the hip is reversible after arthroplasty: a longitudinal voxel-based morphometric study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2930–2940
  94. Gwilym SE, Keltner JR, Warnaby CE, Carr AJ, Chizh B, Chessell I, et al. Psychophysical and functional imaging evidence supporting the presence of central sensitization in a cohort of osteoarthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:1226–1234
  95. Chappell AS, Desaiah D, Liu-Seifert H, Zhang S, Skjarevski V, Belenkov Y, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of duloxetine for the treatment of chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee. Pain Pract. 2011;11:33–41
  96. Neogi T, Felson D, Niu J, Nevitt M, Lewis CE, Sack B, et al. Association between radiographic features of knee osteoarthritis and pain: results from two cohort studies. BMJ. 2009;339:b2844
  97. Edwards RR, Wasan AD, Bingham CO, Bathon J, Haythornthwaite JA, Smith MT, et al. Enhanced reactivity to pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:114–123
  98. Wendler J, Hummel T, Reissinger M, Manger B, Pauli E, Kalden JR, et al. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis adapt differently to repetitive painful stimuli compared to healthy controls. J Clin Neurosci. 2001;8:272–277
  99. Kojima M, Kojima T, Suzuki S, Oguchi T, Oba M, Tsuchiya H, et al. Depression, inflammation, and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2009;61:1018–1024
  100. Lee YC, Chibnik LB, Wasan AD, Edwards RR, Fossel AH, Helfgott SM, et al. The relationship between disease activity, sleep, psychiatric distress and pain sensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:R160
  101. Jones AKP, Cunningham VJ, Ha-Kawa S, Fujiwara T, Luthra SK, Jones T. Changes in central opioid receptor binding in relation to inflammation and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33:309–316
  102. Schweinhardt P, Kalk N, Wartolowska K, Chessell I, Wordsworth P, Tracey I. Investigation into the neural correlates of emotional augmentation of clinical pain. Neuroimage. 2008;40:759–766
  103. Zautra AJ, Smith BW. Depression and reactivity to stress in older women with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:687–696
  104. Williams DA, Cary MA, Groner KH, Chaplin W, Glazer LJ, Rodriquez AM, et al. Improving physical functional status in patients with fibromyalgia: a brief cognitive behavioral intervention. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1280–1286
  105. Thieme K, Gracely RH. Are psychological treatments effective for fibromyalgia pain?. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2009;11:443–450
  106. van Koulil S, van Lankveld W, Kraaimaat FW, van Helmond T, Vedder A, Donders R, et al. Tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy and exercise training for high-risk fibromyalgia patients. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:1377–1383
  107. Hassett AL, Gevirtz RN. Nonpharmacologic treatment for fibromyalgia: patient education, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, and complementary and alternative medicine. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2009;35:393–407
  108. Parker JC, Frank RG, Beck NC, Smarr KL, Buescher KL, Phillips LR, et al. Pain management in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:593-01
  109. Leibing E, Pfingsten M, Bartmann U, Rueger U, Schuessler G. Cognitive-behavioral treatment in unselected rheumatoid arthritis outpatients. Clin J Pain. 1999;15:58–66
  110. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS. Cognitive behavioral control of arthritis pain. Med Clin North Am. 1997;81:277–290
  111. Johnson RE, Jones GT, Wiles NJ, Chaddock C, Potter RG, Roberts C, et al. Active exercise, education, and cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent disabling low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine. 2007;32:1578–1585
  112. Schmidt S, Grossman P, Schwarzer B, Jena S, Naumann J, Walach H. Treating fibromyalgia with mindfulness-based stress reduction: Results from a 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2011;152:361–369
  113. Sale JE, Gignac M, Hawker G, Sale JEM, Gignac M, Hawker G. The relationship between disease symptoms, life events, coping and treatment, and depression among older adults with osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:335–342
  114. Harris RE, Clauw DJ, Scott DJ, McLean SA, Gracely RH, Zubieta JK. Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect. J Neurosci. 2005;25:10390–10402
  115. Minor MA, Hewitt JE, Webel RR, Anderson SK, Kay DR. Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1989;32:1396–1405
  116. Ettinger WH, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, et al. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: The fitness arthritis and seniors trial (FAST). JAMA. 1997;277:25–31
  117. Gowans SE, de Hueck A. Effectiveness of exercise in management of fibromyalgia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004;16:138–142
  118. Klaber Moffett JA, Carr J, Howarth E. High fear-avoiders of physical activity benefit from an exercise program for patients with back pain. Spine. 2004;29:1167–1172
  119. Cochrane T, Davey RC, Matthes Edwards SM. Randomised controlled trial of the cost-effectiveness of water-based therapy for lower limb osteoarthritis. Health Technol Assess. 2005;9:1–114
  120. Bennell KL, Hinman RS. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14:4–9
  121. Baillet A, Zeboulon N, Gossec L, Combescure C, Bodin LA, Juvin R, et al. Efficacy of cardiorespiratory aerobic exercise in rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:984–992
  122. Busch AJ, Schachter CL, Overend TJ, Peloso PM, Barber KA. Exercise for fibromyalgia: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1138–1144
  123. Gusi N, Tomas-Carus P. Cost-utility of an 8-month aquatic training for women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10:R24
  124. Hauser W, Klose P, Langhorst J, Moradi B, Steinbach M, Schiltenwolf M, et al. Efficacy of different types of aerobic exercise in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:R79
  125. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Hootman JM, Jones DL. Effects of community-deliverable exercise on pain and physical function in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases: A meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:79–93
  126. Mannerkorpi K, Nordeman L, Ericsson A, Arndorw M GAU Study Group. Pool exercise for patients with fibromyalgia or chronic widespread pain: a randomized controlled trial and subgroup analyses. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:751–760
  127. Wang C, Schmid CH, Rones R, Kalisch R, Yinh J, Goldenberg DL, et al. A randomized trial of Tai Chi for fibromyalgia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:743–754
  128. Carson JW, Carson KM, Jones KD, Bennett RM, Wright CL, Mist SD. A pilot randomized controlled trial of the Yoga of Awareness program in the management of fibromyalgia. Pain. 2010;151:530–539
  129. Ernst E. Complementary or alternative therapies for osteoarthritis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006;2:74–80
  130. Kikuchi M, Matsuura K, Matsumoto Y, Inagaki T, Ueda R. Bibliographical investigation of complementary alternative medicines for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2009;9:29–40
  131. Perry R, Terry R, Ernst E. A systematic review of homoeopathy for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29:457–464
  132. Rutjes AW, Nuesch E, Sterchi R, Kalichman L, Hendriks E, Osiri M, et al. Transcutaneous electrostimulation for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2009;CD002823
  133. Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Scherer M, Trelle S, Burgi E, Burgi U, et al. Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Ann Intern Med. 2011;146:580–590
  134. Wandel S, Juni P, Tendal B, Nuesch E, Villiger PM, Welton NJ, et al. Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c4675
  135. Ernst E. Herbal medicine in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2011;37:95–102
  136. Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:c7086
  137. Bertolini A, Ferrari A, Ottani A, Guerzoni S, Tacchi R, Leone S. Paracetamol: new vistas of an old drug. CNS Drug Rev. 2006;12:250–275
  138. Brandt KD, Mazzuca S, Buckwalter KA. Acetaminophen, like conventional NSAIDs, may reduce synovitis in osteoarthritic knees. Rheumatology. 2006;45:1389–1394
  139. Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Judd MG, Catton M, Hochberg MC, Wells G. Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;25:CD004257
  140. Goldenberg DL. Pharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia and other chronic musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clinl Rheumatol. 2007;21:499–511
  141. Chou R, Helfand M, Peterson K, Dana T, Roberts C. Comparative effectiveness and safety of analgesics for osteoarthritis (AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews 2006). Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2006 Sep;Report No. 06-EHC009-EF
  142. Kroenke K, Krebs EE, Bair MJ. Pharmacotherapy of chronic pain: a synthesis of recommendations from systematic reviews. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:206–219
  143. Fitzcharles MA, Shir Y. Pain management: opioid guidelines: helpful for the rheumatologist?. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009;5:242–244
  144. Bennett RM, Kamin M, Karin R, Rosenthal N. Tramadol and acetaminophen combination tablets in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med. 2003;114:537–545
  145. Beaulieu AD, Peloso PM, Haroui B, Bensen W, Thomson G, Wade J, et al. Once-daily, controlled-release tramadol and sustained-release diclofenac relieve chronic pain due to osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Res Manag. 2008;13:103–110
  146. Staud R. Pharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: new developments. Drugs. 2009;70:1–14
  147. Skljarevski V, Desaiah D, Liu-Seifert H, Zhang Q, Chappell AS, Detke MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine. 2010;35:E78–E85
  148. Roskell NS, Beard SM, Zhao Y, Le TK. A meta-analysis of pain response in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Pain Pract. 2010;[Epub ahead of print]
  149. Hauser W, Bernardy B, Uceyler N, Sommer C. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with antidepressants: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301:198–209
  150. Zhao Y, Chen SY, Wu N, Fraser KA, Boulanger L. Medication adherence and healthcare costs among fibromyalgia patients treated with duloxetine. Pain Pract. 2010;[Epub ahead of print]
  151. Häuser W, Petzke F, Sommer C. Comparative efficacy and harms of duloxetine, milnacipran, and pregabalin in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Pain. 2010;11:505–521
  152. Chappell AS, Littlejohn G, Kajdasz DK, Scheinberg M, D'Souza DN, Moldofsky H. A 1-year safety and efficacy study of duloxetine in patients with fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:365–375
  153. Goldenberg DL, Clauw DJ, Palmer RH, Mease PJ, Chen W, Gendreau RM. Durability of therapeutic response to milnacipran treatment for fibromyalgia (Results of a randomized, double-blind, monotherapy 6-month extension study). Pain Med. 2010;11:180–194
  154. Arnold LM, Hudson JI, Wang F, Wohlreich MM, Prakash A, Kajdasz DK, et al. Comparisons of the efficacy and safety of duloxetine for the treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with versus without major depressive disorder. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:461–468
  155. Siler AC, Gardner H, Yanit K, Cushman T, McDonagh M. Systematic review of the comparative effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs for fibromyalgia. J Pain. 2011;12:407–415
  156. Hauser W, Bernardy K, Uceyler N, Sommer C. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with gabapentin and pregabalin—A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain. 2009;145:69–81
  157. Moore RA, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;8:CD007076
  158. Holman AJ, Myers RR. A ramdomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, in patients with fibromyalgia receiving concomitant medications. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2495–2505
  159. Russell IJ, Perkins AT, Michalek J. Sodium oxybate relieves pain and improves function in fibromyalgia syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:299–309
  160. Burgess G, Williams D. The discovery and development of analgesics: new mechanisms, new modalities. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:3753–3759
  161. Lane NE, Schnitzer TJ, Birbara CA, Mokhtarani M, Shelton DL, Smith MD, et al. Tanezumab for the treatment of pain from osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1521–1531
  162. Vergne-Salle P, Dufauret-Lombard C, Bonnet C, Simon A, Treves R, Bonnabau H, et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dolasetron, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonist, in patients with fibromyalgia. Eur J Pain. 2010;[Epub ahead of print]
  163. Haroutiunian S, Drennan DA, Lipman AG. Topical NSAID therapy for musculoskeletal pain. Pain Med. 2010;11:535–549

 The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

PII: S0049-0172(11)00094-1

doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.04.005

Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
Volume 41, Issue 3 , Pages 319-334 , December 2011